If a tooth suddenly looks longer or becomes sensitive near the gumline, the root surface may be exposed. This usually happens because the gum tissue has receded. Root surfaces are not covered by enamel, so they can be more sensitive and more vulnerable to decay.
What causes gum recession?
There is rarely one universal cause. Periodontal disease can contribute to loss of supporting gum and bone. Aggressive brushing can traumatize the gumline. Tooth position, naturally thin gum tissue, previous orthodontic movement and other anatomical factors may also play a role. The right treatment depends on why the recession occurred.
Why exposed roots can be sensitive
The root surface is covered by cementum rather than enamel. When the root becomes exposed, temperature changes, touch and certain foods can stimulate the underlying dentin and cause sensitivity.
How exposed roots are treated
Treatment is individualized. Mild sensitivity may respond to desensitizing toothpaste or topical fluoride. If there is root decay or a structural defect, restorative treatment may be appropriate. When recession is significant or progressing, periodontal treatment or a root coverage procedure such as gum grafting may be considered.
When to schedule an evaluation
Recession should be evaluated if it is new, worsening, sensitive or accompanied by bleeding, swelling or tooth mobility. The goal is to determine whether the issue is primarily anatomical, inflammatory, traumatic or a combination of factors.
Learn more about periodontal care at Palo Alto Oral Health.
Sources
American Academy of Periodontology: Root Coverage Procedures
